A: Here we are on, out on the streets of New York, surrounded by these blasé New Yorkers gawking at us because they've never seen somebody standing on the street dialing a phone number with one of these. I decided this was a great opportunity to needle my counterpart at Bell Laboratories. I would not suggest he was a friendly competitor, but we had been speaking. I called him and said, 'Joe, I'm calling you from a real portable cellular telephone.' I thought I heard gnashing of teeth in the background, but he was polite. And we had a chat for a while. So the first cellphone call was to talk some smack?
I love competition. What do you think of the merging of cellphones and other devices, like PDAs?
I'm not crazy about the concept of universal devices. I think the way you serve people is by optimising the functionality of whatever it is you're building. If you try to make something universal, it does not do any of those things very well. The carriers have gone just a little bit too far in trying to consolidate all these things into one gadget -- telephones, PDAs, cameras, MP3 players. They've become so difficult to use and thus compromise the features. So you aren't buying any camera phones. Instead of the "Swiss Army knife" of phones, what should the industry focus on?
I think we are going to regress. We are going to start, first of all, with a really good cellular phone that works all the time. And we haven't gotten quite there yet. Are you satisfied with voice coverage?
We have not yet achieved the original dream. There was no technical reason why cellular shouldn't be as reliable and as low in cost as a wired phone. If you can serve enough people from a single station and you don't have to run wires to a new location, it ought to be lower in cost. The carriers have to move onto the next generation of technology. And they ought to focus instead of looking for different applications and forcing these applications on people; they ought to be fixing the fundamental problem: getting voice right. You can make a call, but how long can you keep talking before it drops? What's wrong?
There are too many people on a limited amount of channels. What they have to do is come up with new technology that makes this same number of channels accommodate more people. That's why you get dropped calls almost all the time [in the US]. It has nothing to do with coverage, which is really pretty good. What happens is you move from one cell to another, there are no channels available and all of a sudden you find yourself talking to empty space. But carriers seem to be pushing their data services over their core product -- voice.
Yes. You ever sent a short text message? Ever sent a picture message?
I use a little bit of data; I do get email messages on my cellphone. That's the extent of it. SMS is too hard to use in the United States. I'm sure there are a lot of applications that would do very well that do have a data capability. But it's too slow to do any of what you would call Internet applications. Even the highly touted next-generation cellulars. You're lucky if you get speeds equal to a dialup. Furthermore, thinking you could watch a movie on a screen that big is kind of silly. So how do things like MMS get started?
We're still looking at the old monopoly way of thinking. Look at the old AT&T: Bell Labs would think of things, and they would turn it over to Western Electric. They would manufacture it, and then give it to an operating company who would give it to the consumer and say, 'This is what you want.' The competitive world doesn't work that way. They have an entrepreneur -- a marketing guy -- going around saying, 'Here's a need not being fulfilled. I'm going to take care of that need.' They go back to the labs and say, 'Engineers go and build this.' That's how a competitive free enterprise world works. Where does Wi-Fi fit in with cellular?
Wi-Fi is wonderful. It is a superb local area network -- what it was designed to do -- and it does that very well. When you try to make Wi-Fi cover a wide area, it's absolutely the worst way to do it. Think about it. In order to cover a city, you need a million sites; we actually did an analysis of that. And every one of them has got to have backhaul. So it turns out it's neither economical nor practical. But most US cellular carriers are building hot spots all over the place. Are they making the wrong move? There are people who are talking about doing hot spots. For some, that might be functional, but hot spots are a little like phone booths. What happened to the phone booth when everybody has a phone...The phone booth is pretty much obsolete. That's what's going to happen in the future to Wi-Fi. We will have systems that provide inexpensive wide area coverage that were designed for that purpose. When you made the world's first cellphone call, you had all the spectrum to yourself. But apparently, there's now a shortage. Is that right?
We've been using the spectrum better and better for a hundred years. When Marconi made his first transatlantic call, he used the entire usable spectrum all over the world for one phone call. Subsequently, we have managed on the average to double that capability -- the number of calls you could make in the whole spectrum in the whole world -- every two and a half years. We are a trillion times better today than where we were when Marconi was calling in 1896. What's the next big step for the cellphone?
The carriers are now using this modern technology called cellular. But wait a second, it was invented in 1945 and implemented in 1983. We're ready for the next generation, which I think are smart antennas. With that, you don't need nearly as much spectrum. It literally multiplies the spectrum by many times. Are there any new wireless technologies you're excited about?
We just had a photographer taking pictures, talking about how he could send one picture in two minutes. My vision of photography in the future is you take a picture of somebody and in one second that picture appears somewhere else far away. It's the same with music downloading and telemedicine.
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Talkback
I absolutely agree with Mr. Cooper that the dream is far from realization, in my view my thoughts should be wirelessly transmitted to others at the speed of my thought, and I hope that dream is not far away. But I tend to disagree with him that the phones shouldn't incorporate so much features. I think that all our necessities of mobile phone, computer, remote control, credit card (or in that fact wireless e-money transfer), social id-cards, location transmitters etc. everything should be incorporated in one device. In that fact I think the inventors should give more emphasis on wearable computers to biological computers incooparateable in our bodies.