The amount of junk is increasing partly because email marketing is seen as the cheapest and easiest way to reach potential customers. For about $150, anyone can buy a CD-ROM on the Net with instructions on how to use spam as a path to potential riches that costs next to nothing compared with the printing and postage expenses of paper mail. To make it even more economical, many spammers siphon bandwidth and resources from insecure mail servers, or open relays, set up overseas. Most US and European mail servers are configured to route only those messages addressed specifically to customers, as ISPs fear that security risks and other problems could result from relaying messages for any third party. So spammers have taken to using insecure servers in other parts of the world -- particularly in Asia -- to relay, by some estimates, as much as 70 percent of junk email in the United States. "That's a real boon for spammers, because they need someone to get the mail out," said Steve Linford, who maintains a London-based blacklist of mass emailers called the Spamhaus Block List. "Literally hundreds of thousands of these servers are around China, configured on a wing and a prayer." As a result, many ISPs are blocking the entire Internet address ranges designated for China and other Asian countries. The practice recently became a diplomatic issue, leading the Chinese parliament to issue a statement rebuking such wholesale blockades based on geographic boundaries. Nevertheless, junk mailers are crafting new ways around such blocking methods. According to Brightmail, more spammers are masking their origins by hacking into high-speed Internet cable lines to send mail through customers' dynamic IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. These temporary addresses are assigned to computers only for a specified amount of time. ISPs are often unable to trace the sender because it requires enormous resources to investigate vaporous connections throughout the network. Spammers are also increasingly forging mail headers, a tactic known as spoofing, to make email appear to come from legitimate sources. US corporations including Bank of America, eBay and Wells Fargo have fallen victim to junk mailers taking free rides on their names. Corporate headaches getting worse
Brightmail, which provides filters to several major ISPs including AT&T WorldNet, has doubled its number of enterprise customers in the past six months because of corporate headaches with spam. The San Francisco-based company plans to expand its all-hours spam-fighting crew of five, known as the Bloc. The team studies sources of commercial bulk mail by seeding the Internet with decoy addresses. It then creates new rules for filters based on content and headers contained within spam. Spamhaus, the Mail Abuse Prevention System (MAPS) and about 30 other blacklists ban IP addresses or whole ISPs that are used to shepherd spam. Any company or individual can subscribe to such lists for recipes to block known spammers. In the past, signing on with such blocking lists was thought too risky for many corporations because banned marketers or hosts could include major ISPs such as Sprint, which are used to send legitimate email that could be valuable to business. But against today's growing levels of spam, companies are finding they have little choice. Jill Vanhove, director of enterprise network services at Silicon Graphics, said she subscribed to MAPS's Realtime Blackhole List and began other filtering tactics in the past year. "It's really a reaction to an increase of volume of spam and complaints we're seeing," she said. "We're also looking at tools to combat spam from our sponsored newsgroups." Still, these grassroots efforts are only of limited help when fighting an exponential rise in junk traffic. Even after taking the anti-spam measures at SGI, Vanhove said she has seen the amount of incoming junk mail nearly triple in the last four months. Many companies and anti-spam groups have appealed for help from government agencies such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, which recently opened a full-scale assault on deceptive marketers. In the last month, the FTC said it settled six cases against alleged con artists using email to disseminate scams. "The federal government (isn't) in a position to cure the problem, but I do think that law enforcement actions will help deter people from spamming once they realise what they're getting into," said Jennifer Mandigo, a staff attorney at the FTC who is in charge of spam issues. Legislation wanted
For now, regulators are hampered by the absence of federal legislation and a hodgepodge of nearly two-dozen state laws that critics say allow too many loopholes. For example, California law requires marketers to place the letters "ADV" in the subject line, signifying an advertisement, but some include a variation such as "A.D.V." or "a d v" to circumvent filters. Spamhaus' Linford advocates federal legislation requiring industry standards such as a banner on every mail server that warns against sending unsolicited commercial material. The law would make it illegal for a marketer to trespass beyond the sign. Others are turning to self-regulation among companies, pinning hopes on such organisations as Truste and ePrivacy Group, which launched a Trusted Sender program last month. Using encryption, Truste plans to provide approval seals to companies that meet certain standards, such as an existing customer relationship, before they send commercial email. "This is a really big first step," said Fran Maier, executive director at Truste, which will release a test version of the tool next month. "With time, we hope that your email client will help filter by the Trusted Sender seal." Civil libertarian Sonia Arrison, of the Pacific Research Institute, advocates a system in which people wishing to send a message to someone they don't know must pay to have it delivered. It would be "kind of like with paper mail; we still get a lot of junk, but not nearly the same if it were free," she said. All of these solutions, real or proposed, carry inherent drawbacks. Many of those based on technology, such as Arrison's idea, would depend on redesigning the Internet's global email architecture. Other measures are either unrealistically laborious or simply bad for business. Spam fighters such as Lewis and his five-man team employ a wide range of tactics to fend off junk, including homemade blacklists, pattern matching, and software to ban certain content, addresses and headers. Lewis said he's been able to cut down on a large amount of spam in the past year by removing numerous email aliases for employees. But it's slow going. For every piece of mail that takes seconds to delete, there are always those that require hours in security investigations -- which is how Lewis arrived at his estimate that each piece of junk mail costs his company $1. And even as he hunts down countless offending missives, Lewis remains under equally intense pressure to keep his systems open to communication from potential partners and customers. His company refused to install spam filters until the Melissa virus forced it to take such precautionary measures, and Lewis still will not block all email from China, because of business relations. "I'd love to turn off China. But unlike some of the other people in the anti-spam community, I have to be very conservative," Lewis said. "It's a delicate balancing act for our filters because if I make a mistake, it could cost business."
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